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Background: Peripheral arterial disease is a disorder due to obstruction of blood supply to extremities. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are predisposing factors.Objective: To determine if the presence of concurrent hypertension increases the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Nigerians with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 160 persons living with diabetes mellitus (60 subjects had type 2 diabetes (T2DM) while 100 subjects had concurrent diabetes and hypertension (DM-HTN)). The presence of PAD was determined by history of intermittent claudication, palpation of dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries, ankle-brachial pressure indexes (ABPI), and measurement of intimal medial thickness [IMT] and spectral pattern on duplex ultrasound imaging of the femoropopliteal arteries. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and some other parameters were obtained from subjects in both groups. Comparisons were drawn between patients with diabetes alone and diabetic-hypertensives.
Results: Mean age of T2DM only was 56.4±10.4 years and 59.4±8.5 years in DM-HTN. FBG (mmol/l) in T2DM only was 7.9±3.6 and 8.0±3.4 in DM-HTN; HbA1C (%) in T2DM group was 7.4±2.2 and 7.3±1.7 in DM-HTN. Prevalence of PAD was 74.9% in people with T2DM only and 70% among DM-HTN group using IMT as reference method. The prevalence of PAD in T2DM based on history of intermittent claudication, clinical palpation, ABPI and spectral pattern was 20.0, 26.7, 20.3, and 40.7% respectively while the prevalence of PAD in DM-HTN using history of intermittent claudication, clinical palpation, ABPI and spectral pattern was 26.0, 35.8, 22.0 and 50.0% respectively.
Conclusion: Prevalence of PAD is high among persons with diabetes mellitus. The presence of hypertension does not seem to confer any risk of PAD in people with T2DM only. In addition, traditional bedside methods of clinical pulse palpation and ankle-brachial pressure index of assessing PAD are still useful.

PurposeThe failure and abandonment of construction projects have proven to be insurmountable problems incessantly militating against the efficient performance of the construction industry in Nigeria. The complexity, technicality and a host of other project execution issues unique to multi-storey building projects do increase their susceptibility to failure and abandonment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing failure and abandonment of multi-storey building projects in Nigeria. This is with a view to provide inferential empirical data that could enhance successful delivery of multi-storey building projects in Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach
Primary data were used for the study. A structured questionnaire was administered on consultants and contractors’ personnel within Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 180 copies of the questionnaire were administered ,and 134 copies which represent a combined response rate of 74.4 per cent were retrieved. The data were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages, Mean item score and factor analysis.
Findings
The factors most significant to the failure and abandonment of multi-storey building projects are inadequate funding by the client, improper planning at the pre-construction phase, structural failure in multi-storey building during construction, bankruptcy/business failure of the contractor, improper scheduling of the building project activities and failure to engage qualified professionals with technical expertise and experience. The rated factors clustered under human resources capability, planning and structural quality, contractor selection and variation, insecurity and variation, and force majeure and political risk.
Research limitations/implications
The study was limited to multi-storey building projects in Lagos State, Nigeria. Further studies could focus on specific resuscitation strategies for abandoned multi-storey building projects.
Practical implications
The study provided implications for effective project and contract management of multi-storey building projects which is very paramount to improve the delivery of complex, technical- and capital-intensive building projects in Nigeria.
Originality/value
The study provides specific implications for the management of multi-storey building projects, thereby enhancing the delivery of building projects.