BackgroundKnowledge of the normal sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys is important to radiologists when assessing for pathology using ultrasound scan. The need for a local determination of a easy-to-use formula for estimating the expected normal sonographic dimensions of these organs in children in order to serve as baseline when assessing them for pathology cannot be over emphasized.
Purpose
To determine ultrasonographic sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys among primary school children in southwestern Nigeria and correlate these with anthropometric measures to provide local reference data and an easy-to-use formula for assessing these organs for pathology in clinical practice.
Material and Methods
This is an observational, cross-sectional study using 1000 public primary school children in Ogbomoso. Sonographic dimensions of their liver, spleen, and both kidneys with anthropometric parameters were obtained and correlated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results
The liver span was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.048) while the left lobe of the liver was higher in girls than in boys ( P = 0.003). The spleen length was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.011). There was no gender difference in kidney dimensions ( P > 0.05). All anthropometric measures correlated significantly ( P < 0.001) with organ dimensions. Body surface area is the strongest predictor of the liver and kidney sizes ( P < 0.001) and height for spleen size ( P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Nomograms for the liver, spleen, and kidneys and regression equations for estimating the dimensions of these organs were formulated based on the best multivariate correlates.

BackgroundKnowledge of the normal sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys is important to radiologists when assessing for pathology using ultrasound scan. The need for a local determination of a easy-to-use formula for estimating the expected normal sonographic dimensions of these organs in children in order to serve as baseline when assessing them for pathology cannot be over emphasized.
Purpose
To determine ultrasonographic sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys among primary school children in southwestern Nigeria and correlate these with anthropometric measures to provide local reference data and an easy-to-use formula for assessing these organs for pathology in clinical practice.
Material and Methods
This is an observational, cross-sectional study using 1000 public primary school children in Ogbomoso. Sonographic dimensions of their liver, spleen, and both kidneys with anthropometric parameters were obtained and correlated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results
The liver span was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.048) while the left lobe of the liver was higher in girls than in boys ( P = 0.003). The spleen length was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.011). There was no gender difference in kidney dimensions ( P > 0.05). All anthropometric measures correlated significantly ( P < 0.001) with organ dimensions. Body surface area is the strongest predictor of the liver and kidney sizes ( P < 0.001) and height for spleen size ( P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Nomograms for the liver, spleen, and kidneys and regression equations for estimating the dimensions of these organs were formulated based on the best multivariate correlates.

To determine the renal arterial hemodynamic changes induced by obstructive uropathy using Doppler ultrasonography.60 adult subjects with suspected obstructive uropathy and 60 asymptomatic apparently healthy controls with normal renal ultrasound features were evaluated. B-mode sonography of the kidneys and spectral Doppler examination of the renal interlobar arteries of all the participants were performed. The mean resistive indices (mRI) of both interlobar arteries were obtained and compared to that of the controls. The mRI of bilaterally obstructed kidneys were also compared with the mRI of unilaterally obstructed kidneys.
The mRI of the right and left kidneys of subjects were 0.72±0.04 and 0.69±0.06 while those of the controls were 0.64±0.04 and 0.63±0.03 respectively. The mRI for the grades of caliectasis increased from grade I (0.72±0.03) to grade II (0.73±0.03) and grade III (0.73±0.02) but fell within the most severe levels of obstruction (0.69±0.07). There was no statistically significant relationship between the grades of caliectasis and unilateral or bilateral obstruction for both kidneys. The results show a sensitivity and specificity of 86.7% and 90% respectively when mRI≥0.7 was used to determine presence of obstruction.
Renal duplex sonography is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis of obstructive uropathy. Increased resistive index of the obstructed kidney may be a useful diagnostic tool in situations where intravenous urography cannot be done or is contraindicated.

Objective: Over the past few decades, the world has experienced a gradual increase in the percentage of elderly people aged 65 years and over. As this elderly population increases, evidence suggests that their demand for dental services would increase. The increasing population of the elderly population in Spain has underlined the need for the dental profession to take pay particular attention to the oral health needs of older patients. The aim of this report is to present a preliminary assessment of the undergraduate Geriatric Dentistry programs in Spanish dental schools.Method: Study participants included all the dental schools in Spain (n=19). Using a simple, 12-item questionnaire, information was collected regarding the geriatric dental education programs from the official websites of all the schools.
Results: Only 42% (n=8) of schools offered a specific geriatric dentistry course. No significant differences were found in the proportion of public and private dental schools with geriatric dentistry departments (p=0.1312).
Conclusion: More studies on the curriculum content, design, implementation and evaluation of geriatric dentistry programs at the undergraduate level should be developed. Research must also focus on assessing the access and improvement to the oral care of the elderly population. Dental schools, organizations, local and state governments need to work together, using a multidisciplinary approach, in responding to the unmet needs of the elderly population.

Objective: Over the past few decades, the world has experienced a gradual increase in the percentage of elderly people aged 65 years and over. As this elderly population increases, evidence suggests that their demand for dental services would increase. The increasing population of the elderly population in Spain has underlined the need for the dental profession to take pay particular attention to the oral health needs of older patients. The aim of this report is to present a preliminary assessment of the undergraduate Geriatric Dentistry programs in Spanish dental schools.Method: Study participants included all the dental schools in Spain (n=19). Using a simple, 12-item questionnaire, information was collected regarding the geriatric dental education programs from the official websites of all the schools.
Results: Only 42% (n=8) of schools offered a specific geriatric dentistry course. No significant differences were found in the proportion of public and private dental schools with geriatric dentistry departments (p=0.1312).
Conclusion: More studies on the curriculum content, design, implementation and evaluation of geriatric dentistry programs at the undergraduate level should be developed. Research must also focus on assessing the access and improvement to the oral care of the elderly population. Dental schools, organizations, local and state governments need to work together, using a multidisciplinary approach, in responding to the unmet needs of the elderly population.

This paper investigated the Ondo’s preference for old aso-òkè despite their faded condition and age. It observed that the craving for aso-òkè as wearing apparel among the Ondo, seems to go beyond its general commemorative or ceremonial function. The study explore field information collected through oral interviews and observation and analysis of related aspect of Ondo’s social and cultural life particularly their world view as reflected in songs, proverbs and aphorism. Adopting Roy Sieber’s (1972) and Picton’s (1998) suppositions for the survival of pre-colonial textile traditions in any given African society in modern times as bases for analysis, the study revealed that the continuing value appreciation of the old aso-òkè types, among the Ondo is enshrined in their social attitudes in reflecting their world view about success, wealth, prestige, and attainment celebrations.

This paper examines the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Protocol and goes further to analyse the mechanisms for emission reduction provided under the Treaties. The paper also considers the implementation constraints of the Mechanisms in developing countries and particularly, in Nigeria. The paper concludes that the Treaties have not been optimally effective in its implementation in Nigeria owing to factors ranging from non-domestication, poverty, corruption and poor regulatory framework to low level of awareness. Recommendations for minimizing the constraints identified are proposed.