Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that has the potential of transforming human life in the future. These sensor nodes can operate without any attendance in an environment and location including those where human presence is risky or not possible and therefore they can be deployed in a countless number of applications ranging from military to civilian purposes.
This paper examines the various applications of WSNs and how real-life deployment can form the bedrock of development towards achieving the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and the much awaited Vision 20:2020 in Nigeria. The study also attemps to establish a synergy between reviving the economic growth as evidenced from government efforts through various initiatives and science and technology through adoption of the potentials of WSNs. The paper concludes by recommending practical approach that can be taken by the Nigerian government towards actualizing the evolving technology.

Many years of neglect by government and inadequate investment in public infrastructure has left the public drinking water supply in Nigeria in an unreliable state. The society has therefore taken to several adaptive measures of alleviating this stress. One of these is dependence on sachet water, popularly referred to as 'pure water'. Although easy to serve and the price is affordable, complaints abound on its purity and other health concerns. A gradual nationwide ban was proposed by the national regulator for this packaged water but the market still witnesses tremendous growth, especially among the poor. To determine the bacteriological quality of drinking water sold in sachets in Lagos, Nigeria, one hundred samples of high- and low-demand sachet waters obtained from vendors at hot-spot locations were assessed using the multiple tube fermentation method. Based on the zero tolerance standards stipulated by the regulator, a 22% non-compliance level was recorded. Recommendations that may contribute to a policy that would allow for an integrated and holistic approach in managing the sachet water industry are discussed. The need for support of such local initiatives, especially in the drive towards achieving the much publicised Millennium Development Goals for universal water access, is also highlighted.

ABSTRACT: With so much global attention and commitment towards making the Water and Sanitation targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a reality, available figures seem to speak on the contrary as they reveal a large disparity between the expected and what currently obtains especially in developing countries. As studies have shown that the standard industrialized world model for delivery of safe drinking water technology may not be affordable in much of the developing world, packaged water is suggested as a low cost, readily available alternative water provision that could help bridge the gap. Despite the established roles that this drinking water source plays in developing nations, its importance is however significantly underestimated, and the source considered unimproved going by 'international standards'. Rather than simply disqualifying water from this source, focus should be on identifying means of improvement. The need for intervening global communities and developmental organizations to learn from and build on the local processes that already operate in the developing world is also emphasized. Identifying packaged water case studies of some developing nations, the implication of a tenacious focus on imported policies, standards and regulatory approaches on drinking water access for residents of the developing world is also discussed.

A physiologically-based bio-kinetic (PBBK) model, capable of simulating the absorption, distribution, and elimination of cadmium in humans has been developed. The formulation of this model was based on human data cleaned from literature. The liver, kidney, lung, artery, vein, stomach, small intestine and remainder of the body (other tissues not modelled explicitly) were modelled as compartments. While transfer rate coefficients were used to describe the kinetics of cadmium in the gastrointestinal track, the model used blood flow rates and partition coefficients rather than the traditional transfer rate coefficients to describe the distribution and accumulation of the chemical into critical organs such as liver, kidney and remainder of the body. A perfusion rate-limited kinetics model was assumed for these critical organs, where each of these tissues was regarded as a well-stirred compartment, without any concentration gradient within the compartment. The partition coefficients for critical organs modelled, along with transfer rate coefficients describing oral ingestion and inhalation were estimated by fitting the simulated concentration of cadmium in the liver, kidney and urine to observed concentrations found in literature. The model was capable of simulating, to a good degree of success, the results of empirical observations and other simulations found in literature. Simulations by the model also indicate that the partition coefficient of cadmium for the kidney, liver and other critical organs was higher in smokers.